Salesforce-Platform-Developer-II Practice Test Questions

✅ Explanation:

The goal is to retrieve all Contacts associated with the Accounts linked to the Opportunities in opportunityList. This involves:
Collecting the unique Account IDs from the Opportunities.
Querying the Accounts using those IDs.
Using a subquery to fetch the related Contacts for each Account.

Let’s analyze each option:

Option A:
Collects Account IDs into a Set from opportunityList.
Queries Accounts where Id IN :accountIds and includes a subquery for Contacts.
Adds all Contacts from the queried Accounts to contactList.
Issue: This works but is inefficient because it queries all Accounts and their Contacts, even if some Accounts might not be relevant if opportunityList is incomplete or contains duplicates.

Option B:
Queries a single Account where Id = o.AccountId (for each Opportunity) and includes a subquery for Contacts.
Adds all Contacts to contactList.
Issue: This is highly inefficient as it performs a separate SOQL query for each Opportunity in opportunityList, potentially hitting governor limits (e.g., 100 SOQL queries per transaction).

Option C:
Directly queries Contacts where AccountId IN :opportunityList.AccountId.
Adds each Contact to contactList.
Issue: This assumes opportunityList.AccountId is a valid collection, but it’s not—AccountId is a field on each Opportunity, not a list. This code will fail to compile due to invalid syntax.
Option D:
Collects Contact IDs into a Set from Contacts where Id IN :contactIds.
However, the initial step collects contactIds from opportunityList (which should be AccountId), and then queries Contacts based on those IDs.
Issue: This approach is flawed because it tries to collect Contact IDs from Opportunities (which don’t directly relate to Contacts) and then queries Contacts based on those IDs, which doesn’t align with the requirement.

Correct Answer:
Option A is the best approach among the given options. It:
Efficiently collects unique Account IDs from opportunityList.
Uses a single SOQL query with a subquery to fetch Accounts and their related Contacts.
Avoids governor limit issues by leveraging a bulkified query.

Why Option A is Best:
It uses a Set to deduplicate Account IDs, preventing redundant queries.
The subquery SELECT Id, (SELECT Id FROM Contacts) FROM Account WHERE Id IN :accountIds retrieves all Contacts for the relevant Accounts in one query.
This aligns with Salesforce best practices for bulk processing and minimizes SOQL usage.

Potential Improvement:
In a real-world scenario, you might want to ensure opportunityList is not empty and handle cases where AccountId might be null. However, based on the options provided, Option A is the most correct and efficient.

Reference:
Salesforce SOQL and SOSL
Apex Basics & Database

✅ Explanation:

In Salesforce, SOQL (Salesforce Object Query Language) is used to query data. The goal is to retrieve all fields for an Account record where the Name is 'Acme' and limit the result to one record (assuming 'Acme' is unique). Let’s analyze the options:

Option A:
Issue: SELECT FIELDS is not valid SOQL syntax. The correct syntax to retrieve all fields is SELECT FIELDS(ALL) or SELECT FIELDS(STANDARD)/FIELDS(CUSTOM), but the keyword must be followed by a specifier in parentheses.
Result: This query will fail to execute.

Option B:
Correctness: This uses the valid SOQL syntax FIELDS(ALL), which retrieves all fields (standard, custom, and system fields) for the Account object.
Consideration: FIELDS(ALL) includes all fields, even those that might not be accessible or relevant, but it is a valid approach for querying all fields.
Result: This is a correct and efficient way to query all Account fields for the 'Acme' account, limited to one record.

Option C:
Issue: SELECT ALL is not valid SOQL syntax. The correct syntax for selecting all fields is FIELDS(ALL) or explicitly listing fields. Additionally, the quotation marks are mismatched ("Acme’ should be 'Acme' or "Acme" consistently).
Result: This query will fail due to invalid syntax.

Option D:
Issue:
SELECT * is not valid SOQL syntax; Salesforce does not support the asterisk (*) wildcard like SQL.
Recount seems to be a typo and should be Account.
Names should be Name (case-sensitive field name mismatch).
Aeme appears to be a typo for Acme.
Result: This query will fail due to multiple syntax errors.

Correct Answer:
Option B: SELECT FIELDS (ALL) FROM Account WHERE Name = ‘Acme’ LIMIT 1

Why Option B is Best:
It uses the correct SOQL syntax FIELDS(ALL) to retrieve all fields (standard, custom, and system) for the Account object.
The WHERE Name = ‘Acme’ clause filters for the 'Acme' account.
The LIMIT 1 ensures only one record is returned, which is appropriate if 'Acme' is expected to be unique.
This approach is efficient and aligns with Salesforce’s query capabilities for retrieving all fields dynamically.

Additional Notes:
In a production environment, ensure the developer has access to all fields (e.g., via field-level security).
For better performance and maintainability, explicitly listing required fields is often recommended over FIELDS(ALL) unless all fields are truly needed, but for this specific requirement (querying all fields), Option B is appropriate.

Reference:
Salesforce SOQL and SOSL Reference: FIELDS() Syntax
Trailhead Module: Data Modeling

✅ Explanation:

When a required field is added to the Account object, all unit tests that create Account records must now include that field to avoid errors. Rather than modifying every test individually, the best long-term and scalable solution is to centralize the test data creation logic.

✅ Why D is correct:
➝ A TestDataFactory class is a Salesforce testing best practice.
➝ It creates a single source of truth for all test data setup.
➝ When changes occur (like a new required field), you only need to update one place, and all tests will work again.
➝ It promotes code reuse, cleaner tests, and reduced maintenance effort.

📌 A typical TestDataFactory would include methods like createTestAccount(), which builds and returns a complete Account with all required fields set.

❌ Why A is incorrect:
➝ Manually updating each unit test with the new required field is time-consuming, error-prone, and hard to maintain.
➝ This duplicates logic and violates the DRY principle (Don't Repeat Yourself).

❌ Why B is incorrect:
➝ Using a trigger to auto-populate required fields just to satisfy test methods is a bad practice.
➝ Triggers should reflect business logic, not act as a workaround for test data setup.
➝ It can lead to unintended behavior in production and mask real issues.

❌ Why C is incorrect:
➝ Modifying a required field to be a validation rule with profile exceptions weakens your data integrity.
➝ It's a security and logic loophole—especially using profile-specific logic in validation rules.
➝ This is a hacky workaround, not a sustainable or scalable solution.

📚 Reference:
Salesforce Apex Developer Guide – Test Data Factory Pattern
Testing Best Practices – Salesforce Developer Guide

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Always centralize test data logic using a TestDataFactory class to ensure test resilience, improve maintainability, and follow Salesforce test design best practices.

✅ Explanation:

The requirement is to execute different logic based on the Opportunity's record type (e.g., 'New' or 'Renewal') within a trigger. Best practices in Salesforce Apex include:
➝ Minimizing SOQL queries inside loops to avoid governor limits.
➝ Using efficient data retrieval methods.
➝ Ensuring maintainable and scalable code.

Option A:
➝ Queries RecordType for 'New' and 'Renewal' separately with LIMIT 1.
➝ Uses these IDs in an if-else block within a trigger loop to apply logic.
➝ Issues:
➥ Performs two SOQL queries outside the loop, which is acceptable but could be optimized by querying all relevant record types once.
➥ Relies on hardcoded DeveloperNames ('New', 'Renewal'), which is fine but less flexible if names change.

➝ Pros: Avoids SOQL inside the loop, follows bulkification principles.

Option B:
➝ Queries all RecordType records for the Opportunity object into a List without filtering by DeveloperName.
➝ Issues:
➥ Does not assign or use the recTypes list, making the query ineffective for the logic.
➥ Lacks a mechanism to map record types to IDs or names for use in the trigger.
➝ Pros: Queries all record types in one go, which is efficient if used properly.
➝ Cons: Incomplete implementation; the logic cannot work without further processing of recTypes.

Option C:
➝ Uses Schema to get record type info by DeveloperName for 'New' and 'Renewal' without a SOQL query.
➝ Applies logic based on RecordTypeId in the trigger loop.
➝ Pros:
➥ Avoids SOQL entirely, which is highly efficient and avoids governor limits.
➥ Uses Schema methods, a best practice for retrieving metadata.

➝ Cons: Assumes the DeveloperNames exist; if they don’t, it will cause a runtime error unless handled.
Option D:
➝ Checks the RecordType.Name directly in the trigger loop.
➝ Issues:
➥ Accessing RecordType.Name requires the record type to be queried or related, but no query is performed.
➥ This will result in a NullPointerException because RecordType is not populated without a SOQL or relationship query.
➝ Cons: Violates bulkification (SOQL would be needed inside the loop if fixed) and is prone to errors.

Why Option C is Best:
It leverages Schema.DescribeSObjectResult and getRecordTypeInfosByDeveloperName() to retrieve record type IDs without SOQL, which is the most efficient approach.
Avoids governor limits by not using database queries inside the trigger loop.
Follows Salesforce best practices by using metadata API calls for configuration data.
The code is maintainable and scalable, as it doesn’t rely on hardcoded queries that might need adjustment if record types change.

Implementation Note:
The code assumes the DeveloperNames 'New' and 'Renewal' exist. In a production environment, you should add error handling (e.g., check if the map contains the key) to handle cases where record types are missing.

Reference:
Salesforce Apex Developer Guide: Schema Methods
Trailhead Module: Apex Triggers

Explanation:

✅ A. Use lazy load for occasionally accessed data

➡️ Why it helps: Lazy loading defers loading data until it’s actually needed, which improves initial load time and reduces unnecessary server calls.
➡️ Use case: When data is only needed upon user interaction (e.g., expanding a section or switching tabs), lazy loading improves performance.
➡️ Result: Faster initial render and optimized use of resources.

✅ C. Use the Lightning Data Service

➡️ Why it helps: Lightning Data Service (LDS) loads, caches, and shares record data without requiring Apex.
➡️ It avoids server round trips and handles field-level security and sharing automatically.
➡️ Result: High-performance, low-maintenance data access aligned with platform standards.

✅ E. Use {cacheable=true} whenever possible

➡️ Why it helps: When an Apex method is annotated with @AuraEnabled(cacheable=true), results are cached on the client side.
➡️ This reduces unnecessary Apex calls for data that doesn’t change frequently.
➡️ Result: Faster response time and reduced server load.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

❌ B. Use layoutTypes: 'Full' to display a set of fields

➜ This option refers to a metadata-driven UI feature, but using layoutTypes like 'Full' can return more fields than necessary, leading to over-fetching.
➜ It’s not performance optimized compared to fetching only specific fields using getRecord.

❌ D. Use getRecordUi to obtain metadata

➜ getRecordUi is useful for fetching layout and metadata, but it returns a lot of data, which can impact performance if used frequently or for high-volume pages.
➜ Not optimal for regular data retrieval—it’s better for dynamic form generation, not bulk performance.

📚 Reference:
Lightning Web Components Performance Best Practices
LDS vs Apex Data Access
@AuraEnabled(cacheable=true) – Apex Documentation

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Use lazy loading, Lightning Data Service, and cacheable Apex methods to get the best performance in Lightning Web Components. Avoid over-fetching metadata or fields you don't need.

✅ Explanation:

The question is about preventing race conditions — situations where multiple users or processes try to update the same data at the same time — during record modification in Apex.
To prevent race conditions, Salesforce provides the FOR UPDATE clause in SOQL.

✅ Why A is correct:
**FOR UPDATE** is a SOQL feature that places a lock on the records returned by the query.
This ensures no other transaction can modify the records until the current transaction completes.
It helps to prevent concurrent updates that could overwrite changes or cause data corruption.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

B. FOR VIEW
Not a valid SOQL keyword in Salesforce.
There is no such clause in Apex SOQL. Invalid syntax.

C. USING SCOPE
USING SCOPE is used with search queries (FIND), not standard SOQL SELECT statements.
Cannot be used for locking or data modification scenarios.

D. FOR REFERENCE
Also not a valid SOQL keyword in Salesforce.
It does not exist and will result in a syntax error.

📚 Reference:
SOQL FOR UPDATE Clause – Apex Developer Guide

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Use FOR UPDATE in SOQL queries to lock records during an Apex transaction and prevent race conditions or concurrent data modification issues.

✅ Explanation:

In Salesforce, when multi-currency is enabled, field values like Amount are stored in the corporate currency and need to be converted to the user’s currency based on their locale and preferences. Similarly, LastModifiedDate should be displayed in the user’s local date-time format. The Lightning component will render these values, so the solution must ensure proper formatting without manual intervention.

Option A: Use REGEX expressions to format the values retrieved via SOQL
➝ Issue: Regular expressions (REGEX) are not suitable for formatting currency or date-time values dynamically based on locale. They are designed for pattern matching and text manipulation, not for handling Salesforce-specific locale-aware formatting or currency conversion.
➝ Result: Ineffective and error-prone; does not address multi-currency or locale settings.

Option B: Use a wrapper class to format the values retrieved via SOQL
➝ Approach: A wrapper class can encapsulate Opportunity data and use Apex methods like Currency.convertFrom() or DateTime.format() to convert and format Amount and LastModifiedDate according to the user’s locale and currency settings (e.g., via UserInfo.getDefaultCurrency() and UserInfo.getLocale()).
➝ Pros: Provides flexibility to handle formatting logic in Apex, ensuring values are converted and formatted before being passed to the Lightning component. This is a common best practice for complex UI requirements.
➝ Cons: Requires additional code to implement the wrapper and formatting logic, but this is manageable and reusable.
➝ Result: Effective and aligns with Salesforce development practices.

Option C: Use the FOR VIEW clause in the SOQL query
➝ Issue: The FOR VIEW clause is not a valid SOQL syntax. It might be a confusion with FOR UPDATE or other clauses, but no such clause exists for locale-specific formatting or currency conversion in SOQL.
➝ Result: Invalid approach; the query will fail.

Option D: Use the FORMAT() function in the SOQL query
➝ Approach: The FORMAT() function in SOQL can format date-time and currency fields according to the user’s locale. For example, FORMAT(LastModifiedDate) and FORMAT(Amount) will return values in the user’s preferred format and currency.
➝ Pros: Simplifies the solution by handling formatting at the query level, reducing the need for additional Apex logic.
➝ Cons: Limited to the fields supported by FORMAT() (e.g., date, date-time, and currency fields), and the formatting is applied at query time, which might not be as flexible as Apex-based formatting for complex scenarios.
➝ Result: Effective for this specific use case, as Amount and LastModifiedDate are supported fields.

Correct Answer:
Option D: Use the FORMAT() function in the SOQL query.

Why Option D is Best:
➝ The FORMAT() function is designed to handle locale-specific formatting for fields like Amount (converting to the user’s currency) and LastModifiedDate (displaying in the user’s date-time format) directly in the SOQL query.
➝ This approach minimizes Apex code, reducing maintenance overhead and ensuring the Lightning component receives pre-formatted data ready for display.
➝ For the query, it would look like:

SELECT Id, FORMAT(Amount), FORMAT(LastModifiedDate)
FROM Opportunity
WHERE LastViewedDate != null
ORDER BY LastViewedDate DESC
LIMIT 10

➝ This leverages Salesforce’s built-in capabilities, aligning with best practices for efficiency and simplicity.

Additional Considerations:
➝ Ensure the query includes a WHERE clause to filter by the logged-in user’s recently accessed records (e.g., using LastViewedDate with the user’s context).
➝ If more complex formatting or additional logic is needed, Option B (wrapper class) could be a fallback, but for this scenario, FORMAT() suffices.

Reference:
Salesforce SOQL and SOSL Reference: FORMAT() Function
Trailhead Module: Apex Basics & Database

✅ Explanation:

This scenario involves a concurrent update problem, where multiple users or components might try to update the same Account record at the same time. The goal is to prevent overwriting someone else's recent changes, especially if the record has already been updated or "registered".

✅ Why D is correct:
By comparing the current LastModifiedDate of the record (fetched when the record was first loaded) with the latest value in the database, you can determine if the record was updated by someone else after your component retrieved it.
This approach enables optimistic concurrency control, which is the preferred technique in distributed systems like Salesforce.
🔐 If the LastModifiedDate has changed, the update should be aborted or retried, depending on your logic, to avoid overwriting changes.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Add a try/catch block around the update.
This catches exceptions after they happen and does nothing to prevent the overwriting of data.
It’s useful for error handling, but not for collision prevention.

B. Use upsert instead of update.
upsert is used for insert-or-update logic, not concurrency control.
It’s irrelevant here because the record already exists (we're not doing inserts).

C. Use FOR UPDATE in the SOQL query.
FOR UPDATE locks the record during the transaction in Apex only, but it does not prevent the Lightning Web Component (or another user) from holding a stale version and later submitting old data.
It’s useful within a single Apex transaction, not across distributed clients like LWC.

📚 Reference:
Salesforce Apex Developer Guide – Handling Concurrency
Optimistic Concurrency Control in Salesforce

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Use LastModifiedDate or SystemModstamp to check for concurrent updates, allowing you to prevent stale updates from overwriting fresh data. This is a best practice for LWC-to-Apex interactions involving record updates.

Explanation:

In Aura components, when you want to make the component aware of the sObject type of the record page it's placed on (like Account, Contact, etc.), you should implement the force:hasSObjectName interface.

✅ Why A is correct:
force:hasSObjectName exposes the sObject API name (e.g., Account, Contact) to your component automatically via a global attribute called v.sObjectName.
It allows your component’s controller or helper to access the context of what type of record page it is on without requiring additional Apex or configuration.
This is the lightweight, declarative way to get page context in Aura without extra testing overhead.

❌ Why other options are incorrect:

B. Use the getSObjectType method in an Apex class
Apex doesn’t automatically know the context of the Lightning page.
You'd need to pass in the recordId and query to find the sObject type, which introduces additional logic and test coverage requirements.

C. Set the sObject type as a component attribute
This would require the user or admin to manually set the attribute whenever they add the component, which is not reusable or dynamic.
It's not truly "context-aware"—it relies on manual input.

D. Create a design attribute and configure via App Builder
Like C, this requires manual configuration in the Lightning App Builder.
It’s not automatic, and you risk incorrect or missing configuration.

📚 Reference:
force:hasSObjectName – Salesforce Aura Component Developer Guide

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Use force:hasSObjectName in Aura components to dynamically detect the sObject context of the Lightning page without relying on Apex, design attributes, or extra test coverage.

Explanation:

Universal Containers needs to initiate integration with external systems asynchronously (i.e., Salesforce should not wait for a response). The best-fit solution for this fire-and-forget integration is a Platform Event.

✅ Why D is correct:
➟ Platform Events are designed for asynchronous, event-driven architecture.
➟ They allow Salesforce to publish messages that can be consumed by external systems via CometD (Streaming API) or middleware like MuleSoft, Kafka, etc.
➟ They decouple the system: Salesforce fires the event, and doesn't wait for a response.
➟ This is the modern, scalable approach for such integrations.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

A. PushTopic event
➟ Designed for streaming record changes (insert/update/delete) in Salesforce to clients via the Streaming API.
➟ It’s not recommended for initiating business processes or integration flows.
➟ It’s not flexible or event-based, and deprecated in many real-time use cases.

B. Outbound message
Outbound Messages are declarative and can send messages via SOAP, but they are limited:
➟ No support for complex logic
➟ Only SOAP, not REST
➟ Difficult to customize error handling
➟ Less flexible and older pattern compared to Platform Events.

C. Trigger with HTTP callout
➟ You cannot make an HTTP callout after a DML operation in the same transaction.
➟ Requires callout logic in a @future or Queueable, which adds complexity.
➟ Less scalable and harder to maintain than Platform Events.

📚 Reference:
Salesforce Platform Events Overview
Comparison of Integration Options

🧠 Key Takeaway:
Use Platform Events for asynchronous, scalable, loosely coupled integrations with external systems, especially when Salesforce doesn't need to wait for a response.